{"id":142945264,"date":"2024-03-26T08:01:05","date_gmt":"2024-03-26T08:01:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/writetosuccess.net\/on-pathological-demand-avoidance\/"},"modified":"2024-03-26T08:01:05","modified_gmt":"2024-03-26T08:01:05","slug":"on-pathological-demand-avoidance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/writetosuccess.net\/zh\/on-pathological-demand-avoidance\/","title":{"rendered":"On pathological demand avoidance"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unpacking a potential classroom saboteur <\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the past few years I\u2019ve read a lot neurodiversity, learning differences, etc., which introduced me to pathological demand avoidance (the less fun PDA).<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Descriptions of associated traits rang a bell. I\u2019ve certainly had students whose default response to any request or instruction is <em>no<\/em> or <em>why<\/em>?.<\/p><div class=\"pullquote\"><p>I <em>was<\/em> the student who interrogated every instruction, challenged every pronouncement and debated every requirement.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pathological demand avoidance is a controversial term; it may not be the best way to characterize what is going on for students who exhibit certain traits. But these behaviors exist and affect learners and educators. Let\u2019s take a closer look.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1582079768176-2f3305fe11f4?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxhdm9pZHxlbnwwfHx8fDE3MTEzODQwNjJ8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080\" alt=\"person in brown long sleeve shirt covering face with hand\"\/><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is pathological demand avoidance?<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to UK child neurodevelopmental charity <a href=\"https:\/\/childrenandfamilyhealthdevon.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/pathological-demand-avoidance.pdf\">Cerebra<\/a>: \u201cPeople with PDA\u2026 seem to feel an enormous amount of pressure from ordinary expectations. It is often not the activity itself that is a pressure but the fact that another person is expecting them to do it.\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The British <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esht.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Demand-Avoidance-Vs-Pathological-Demand-Avoidance-PDA.pdf\">National Health Service<\/a> distinguishes between normal demand avoidance (i.e., most people\u2019s response to washing up\/taxes\/eating sprouts) and pathological demand avoidance, which is \u201call-encompassing\u2026 [includes] dramatic reaction[s] to a tiny request\u2026 [and] isn\u2019t a choice.\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition avoidance of everyday demands, symptoms <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esht.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Demand-Avoidance-Vs-Pathological-Demand-Avoidance-PDA.pdf\">include<\/a>:<\/p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><p>Uses social strategies as part of avoidance<\/p><\/li><li><p>Sociable, yet lacking depth of understanding<\/p><\/li><li><p>Excessive mood swings<\/p><\/li><li><p>Comfortable in fantasy \/ imaginative play<\/p><\/li><li><p>Displays obsessive behaviour, often focused on other people<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When was PDA identified?<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The term was coined by English developmental psychologist Professor Elizabeth Newson in the early 1980s.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Who is most affected?<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Demand-avoidant behavior is correlated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esht.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Demand-Avoidance-Vs-Pathological-Demand-Avoidance-PDA.pdf\">NHS<\/a>: <\/p><blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cIt is common for autistic people to display demand avoidant behaviours. The autistic person may avoid demands or situations that trigger anxiety or sensory overload, disrupt routines, involve transitioning from one activity to another, and activities\/events that they don\u2019t see the point of or have any interest in.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Interestingly, research shows PDA prevalence is equal between the sexes (<a href=\"https:\/\/adc.bmj.com\/content\/88\/7\/595\">Newson, et al., 2003<\/a>). In contrast, boys are three to four times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28545751\/#:~:text=Conclusion%3A%20Of%20children%20meeting%20criteria,not%20receiving%20a%20clinical%20diagnosis.\">Loomes, et al., 2017<\/a>).<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1525525592784-72a78d31a4c6?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw5fHx0ZWVuJTIwY3J5aW5nfGVufDB8fHx8MTcxMTM4NDE3NHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080\" alt=\"woman covering eyes using braided hair\"\/><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How does it manifest?<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A number of traits were found by <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00787-015-0740-2\">O\u2019Nions et al. (2016)<\/a> to strongly correlate with PDA, including lack of cooperation, manipulative behavior, socially shocking behavior, lying, fantasizing, cheating and difficulties relating to people, especially age-group peers.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The NHS breaks avoidant behaviors into stages:<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stage 1: Light avoidance<\/h3><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Distraction \u2022 Procrastination \u2022 Negotiation \u2022 Excuses \u2022 Masking<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stage 2: Strong avoidance<\/h3><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Retreating into role play\/fantasy \u2022 Outrageous social behaviour \u2022 Incapacitating themselves \u2022 Ridiculous excuses \u2022 Outright refusal<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stage 3: Melt\/Shutdown<\/h3><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Physical\/emotional harm of self or others \u2022 Destruction of property \u2022 Extreme exhaustion \u2022 Uncontrollable crying \u2022 Depression\/anxiety<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How does it affect learning?<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Education settings place vast demands on kids: sit, listen, raise your hand, don\u2019t interrupt, speak when spoken to, remember your materials, follow the reading, transition to your next class, respect your classmates.<\/p><div class=\"pullquote\"><p>It is remarkable that most students rise to these demands, not strange that some struggle.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For those who do, demand avoidance has the potential to sabotage their learning, grades, peer relationships and adult interactions. <\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I know from experience that demand-avoidant behaviors can create instant tension in a class and escalate into a situation that is damaging for the student, distracting for their peers and frustrating for the teacher.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How can teachers help?<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As educators, we should start by cultivating awareness and empathy so we can respond calmly to demand avoidant behavior (believe me, I have failed).<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1580894732930-0babd100d356?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw1fHx0ZWFjaGVyfGVufDB8fHx8MTcxMTM2NzQwNnww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080\" alt=\"woman in black sleeveless top\"\/><\/figure><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.autism.org.uk\/advice-and-guidance\/professional-practice\/education-pda#:~:text=Raised%20anxiety%2C%20which%20fuels%20demand,reduce%20attendance%20at%20educational%20settings.\">National Autistic Society <\/a>suggests that educators working with PDA students<\/p><ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><p>Promote wellbeing \u2013 demand avoidance is driven by raised anxiety so reducing anxiety, promoting positive self-esteem, self-awareness and good social relationships is key.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use indirect approaches which are creative, individualised and flexible, and which can be adapted to synchronise anxiety and demand.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Allow additional processing time \u2013 as with other people with autism it is beneficial to allow extra time to process incoming instructions, social and sensory information. For people with a PDA profile it can also be beneficial to allow extra time to process their anxiety and sensitivity to demands. <\/p><\/li><\/ol><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Let go and learn<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flexibility is key. Rather than pushing a student to complete a task in a certain way, consider the learning objectives, and give them space to fulfil them independently. <\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once, a student kicked up row about a literary comparison assignment. Eventually, they submitted an essay comparing the fonts of the respective texts. My first impulse was to be irritated but, on inspection, they had met the learning objectives; had, in fact, put substantial effort and creativity into subverting the assignment. <\/p><div class=\"pullquote\"><p>The best response was let go of my ego need to be in charge and applaud their work.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As teachers, it\u2019s easy to prioritize what we know, what we think and our ideas of how things should be over learner autonomy and creativity. What demand avoidant children can teach us about flexibility, collaboration and negotiation can benefit all students \u2013 and our practice and mindset as educators.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Unpacking a potential classroom saboteur <\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-142945264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - 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