{"id":140767856,"date":"2024-01-17T13:43:08","date_gmt":"2024-01-17T13:43:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/writetosuccess.net\/on-hyperlexia\/"},"modified":"2024-01-17T13:43:08","modified_gmt":"2024-01-17T13:43:08","slug":"on-hyperlexia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/writetosuccess.net\/de\/on-hyperlexia\/","title":{"rendered":"On Hyperlexia"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Teaching students with specific exceptional reading skills<\/h2><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1577381450259-bb496a00a06a?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxMHx8Y2hpbGQlMjByZWFkaW5nfGVufDB8fHx8MTcwNTQ5ODQyOHww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080\" alt=\"boy reading book on bed\"\/><\/figure><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the notable words I learned in 2022 was <em><strong>hyperlexia<\/strong><\/em>. Burrowing into articles about autism, the term popped up. Hyper = excessive, lexia = related to words. <\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defining hyperlexia<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/topicsinlanguagedisorders\/abstract\/1997\/05000\/hyperlexia__reading_without_meaning_in_young.3.aspx\">1997, Aram<\/a> described hyperlexia as, \u201cthe developmental disorder in which children decode words early but have significant impairments in aural and reading\u00a0comprehension\u201d.<\/p><div class=\"pullquote\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1999-13573-002\">Nation<\/a> (1999) defined it as, \u201cadvanced word-recognition skills in individuals who <br\/>otherwise have pronounced cognitive, social, and linguistic handicaps.\u201d<\/p><\/div><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Four years later, a meta-study by <a href=\"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00193\">Grigorenko, Klin and Volkmar <\/a>(2003) concluded \u201cthat hyperlexia is a superability demonstrated by a very specific group of individuals with developmental disorders.\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A few years further along, the definition had grown more nuanced: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S014976341630639X\">Ostrolenk et al. (2017)<\/a> wrote that it is, \u201cthe co-occurrence of advanced reading skills relative to comprehension skills or general intelligence, the early acquisition of reading skills without explicit teaching, and a strong orientation toward written material, generally in the context of a neurodevelopmental disorder.\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The final clause of that last sentence is significant to a debate around hyperlexia that has been running since the mid-20th century. <\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Is it a disability or, as Grigorenko et al. argue, a \u2018superability\u2019?<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hyperlexia and developmental disabilities<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The answer starts with statistics. Ostrolenk et al. (2017) found that 84% of hyperlexic subjects were autistic.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This does not mean there is a direct correlation between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and hyperlexia. In a 2021 study by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/6\/692\">Solazzo et al.<\/a>, \u201c[only] 9% children with ASD showed early hyperlexic traits\u201d.<\/p><div class=\"pullquote\"><p>While autistic individuals are not necessarily hyperlexic, <br\/>there is a good chance that hyperlexic individuals are autistic.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This makes hyperlexia a significant issue for teachers, especially those who teach gifted students. Arguably, especially those who teach gifted girls.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1565843248736-8c41e6db117b?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxfHxjaGlsZCUyMHJlYWRpbmd8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzA1NDk4NDI4fDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080\" alt=\"girl in pink sweatshirt\"\/><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risks of hyperlexia<\/h2><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <em>Aspergirls<\/em> (2010), Rudy Simone writes, \u201cthis early ability to read and comprehend above our years (hyperlexia) gives some young Aspergirls an air of intellectual maturity that tricks people into thinking we possess emotional maturity as well. It also hides autism by shielding our deficits.\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conventional education is built on reading and writing. This fundamental bent of our educational system privileges students who read effortlessly and above grade level.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a teacher, it is natural enough to be wowed when a student sets down their book 10 minutes into an assigned reading period and says: \u201cI\u2019m done. What do I do now?\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since we associate literary skills with intelligence and competence, it is tempting to stereotype precocious readers as super-competent or super-smart.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It takes discipline to stop and ask ourselves: \u201cWhat is this student really absorbing? What needs might this apparent competence be masking?\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Knowing that north of 80% of hyperlexic kids are on the autism spectrum, teachers need to treat hyperlexia as seriously as dyslexia. Otherwise, we risk overlooking significant intellectual, developmental and social-emotional needs.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What hyperlexia is not<\/h2><ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><p>Key to academic success<\/p><\/li><li><p>Proof a student has it all figured out<\/p><\/li><li><p>Sign of high executive function<\/p><\/li><li><p>Substitute for social and emotional skills<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Let\u2019s look at these one by one<\/h3><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Academic success<\/h3><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0911604417301689\">Zhang and Malatesha Joshi (2019)<\/a>, \u201coriginally the term \u2018hyperlexia\u2019 only referred to those readers with low IQ but precocious decoding skills\u201d. Though, as we\u2019ve seen, the definition has become more nuanced with time and research, hyperlexia is out of sync with the child\u2019s other capacities.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Whipping through a textbook chapter or an assigned story is an accomplishment, but it doesn\u2019t mean the student is equally precocious in other areas. Hyperlexia should be treated as a sign that a student may need more, not less, general academic support.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Proof a student has it all figured out<\/h3><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rapid reading does not mean improved comprehension. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0010945210001887\">2010, Castles et al.<\/a> published research that found \u201cclear evidence of a dissociation between reading accuracy and comprehension of the same set of irregular words in hyperlexia.\u201d<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the classroom, I\u2019ve witnessed students who read with astonishing speed and fluency but struggle to summarize what they\u2019ve just read. Their decoding is phenomenal, but they are not grasping the significance of the words.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is vital that teachers do explicit work on comprehension (including explicit and implicit details, descriptions, inference, word choice, etc.) with hyperlexic students, not assume, they read it = they got it.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1546791844-1a7fc3d7c809?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyMXx8Y2hpbGQlMjByZWFkaW5nfGVufDB8fHx8MTcwNTQ5ODQzN3ww&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080\" alt=\"girl seated on sofa reading book\"\/><\/figure><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Sign of high executive function<\/h3><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Author Cynthia Kim was diagnosed with Asperger\u2019s (now formally included under ASD) in her early 40s. In her 2014 book, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abebooks.com\/9781849057578\/Nerdy-Shy-Socially-Inappropriate-User-1849057575\/plp\">Nerdy, Shy, and Socially Inappropriate<\/a><\/em>, she reflects on her schooldays:<\/p><blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Doubly-exceptional children have an advantage in their intelligence.<\/p><p>Unfortunately, part of this advantage is that we can mask a big portion of our disability with coping strategies and adaptations. And when we fail to hide something, people assume we\u2019re not trying hard enough. Or we\u2019re being deliberately obstinate. Or that we\u2019re lazy, defiant, insolent, shy, ditzy, or scatterbrained.<\/p><p>\u2018What\u2019s wrong with you?\u2019 they ask incredulously. \u2018You can memorize the batting averages of the entire Major League, but you can\u2019t remember to put your homework in your backpack?&#8217;<\/p><\/blockquote><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leicspart.nhs.uk\/autism-space\/health-and-lifestyle\/autism-and-executive-functioning-skills\/\">Research <\/a>shows up to 80% of people with autism have executive function difficulties. Again, as educators, we need to avoid the category error of assuming that a hyperlexic student will be as quick in other aspects of their life and studies. Rather, we should be alert to the fact it\u2019s likely the opposite: hyperlexia means greater likelihood of executive function challenges.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Substitute for social and emotional skills<\/h3><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Being able to read texts about sophisticated social and emotional realities does not equal understanding or being able to navigate those realities.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDifficulty with communication and interaction with other people\u201d is a core diagnostic criterion for autism <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd\">(<\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/a><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd\">, cited by the National Institute of Mental Health).<\/a><\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Precocious reading is more likely to be a refuge than an aid to an autistic child. Books are safe, comforting and non-judgmental. They have predictable narrative arcs. They are readily available and don\u2019t demand emotional reciprocity.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1583468982228-19f19164aee2?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw2fHxjaGlsZCUyMHJlYWRpbmd8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzA1NDk4NDI4fDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080\" alt=\"boy in gray sweater beside boy in gray and white plaid dress shirt\"\/><\/figure><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teachers have a responsibility to support students\u2019 holistic development. That means supporting social and emotional skills through collaborative or group activities, encouraging discussion, and not singling students out for their hyperlexia.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ideally, we help hyperlexic students leverage this strength to support weaker areas without making too much or too little of it.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every student has unique capacities. We need to be aware of the blind spots in our educational system, and ourselves, to ensure these develop, and avoid privileging specific (dis\/super)abilities that fit our narrow definitions of what is useful or laudable.<\/p><p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>What is your experience with hyperlexic students? Questions<\/strong><\/em><strong>? <\/strong><em><strong>Comments?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teaching students with specific exceptional reading skills<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-140767856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - 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